Did Andreas Vesalius’s De Humani Corporis Fabrica and/or Juan Valverde’s Historia De La Composicion Del Cuerpo Humano Really Influence the Anatomy Knowledge in the Ottoman Empire? A Preliminary Study on Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī’s Tashrīh al-Abdān*

Introduction

Bīmāristāns and madrassas were establishments where medical education was done in Islamic countries during medieval times. Either a section was opened in a madrassa or a separate madrassa was built for medical education. Based on this tradition, the Turks also established foundations for medical education. Physicians were educated in bīmāristans/dār al-shifās and madrassas during the Seljukid and Ottoman Era[1] .

Nidhāmī Arūḍī’s Chahār Maqāla contained valuable information regarding the sources of medical education in the Seljuk Empire during the 12^th century AD[2] . It also classifed the medical works for students, from beginner to advanced. Here is an interesting statement related to Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine: “If he [the physician] desires to be independent of other works, he may content himself with the Qánún[3] .” As a matter of fact, the Canon of Medicine was one of the main sources of medical education both in the Eastern and the Western world[4] , and it was also a source of inspiration for medical works written after[5] .

During the Turkish history of Anatolia, particular attention was paid to the study of anatomy which was regarded as the sine qua non for medical education. Şehsuvaroğlu, a well-known Turkish historian of medicine, classifed the history of the study of anatomy into four phases in his article related to the study of anatomy in Turkey. He named the frst phase the “madrassa period,” which was between the years 1205 and 1816 AD. The Canon of Medicine written in Arabic was the main source used for medical education during this period[6] . However, there also emerged some Turkish medical books with anatomy sections[7] and also books written solely on anatomy[8] . The Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān, an illustrated anatomy book written by Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, was one of the latter[9] .

Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī and Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān

Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī was born in Shirwan (c. 1570 AD). He studied medicine, mathematics, logic, astronomy, canonical jurisprudence of Islam, and Hadith for twenty years[10]. He was also a poet and ‘Itāqī was his pen name[11]. He left his country because of conficts and stayed abroad for a while, after which he came to İstanbul[12], where Alī Efendi and İbrāhīm Efendi introduced him to Grand Vizier Receb Pasha. He was assigned to Mecca city as Shaikh al-Kharam. While in his sixties, he wrote an anatomy book in Turkish, called Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarcamān Qibāla Faylasūfān, and dedicated it to the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV (r. 1623–1640 AD)[13].

Kâhya reported that the book was probably written in 1632[14]. There are eight known copies of Tashrīḥ al-Abdān and four of them comprise anatomical illustrations which are one of the most important features of the work[15]. Some of these illustrations look like those of Tashrīḥ al-Abdān min al-Tibb written by Manṣūr b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad (Figure 1)[16], while others were copied from Andreas Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica[17] and/or Juan Valverde de Amusco’s Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano[18]. Kâhya stated that the last set of illustrations was drawn by the author himself (Figure 2)[19].

Figure 1. Comparison of the similar fgures in Manṣūr b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān min al-Tibb (A) and Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (B).

Another feature of the work is that Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī wrote it purely on anatomy, which was rare in the Medieval Islamic world and in the Ottoman Empire. Anatomy was usually considered a section in general medical works[20].

The last feature of the work was that it was written in Turkish, and consequently, it contained anatomical terms in Turkish alongside the Arabic and Persian ones[21]. This makes Tashrīḥ al-Abdān important to the history of Turkish medicine, considering the fact that Arabic was the scientifc language of the Medieval Islamic world.

The main purpose of our study was to determine whether Andreas Vesalius and Juan Valverde de Amusco, together with their works, infuenced Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī considering the fgures and several statements in Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān.

Figure 2. Some of the fgures that are claimed to have been drawn by Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī in Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey).

Material and Method

In this study, four illustrated copies of Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān of Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī were examined among them were copies of the İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Hüsrev Paşa Collection, Nr. 464 used regarding both their content and the fgures[22] they contain originating from the West. Besides, the copy of İstanbul University Rare Works Library, Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662[23] and the black & white photo prints, which are in the Library of History of Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, of the copy of Prof. Uzluk’s personal collection[24] were also analyzed with respect to their fgures originating from the West (Figure 3). The copy of the İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Bağdatlı Vehbi Collection, Nr. 1476 was excluded from the study due to its shortage in these fgures. During this study, Galen’s works[25], alQānūn fī al-Ṭibb of Avicenna[26], De humani corporis fabrica of Andreas Vesalius[27], and Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano of Juan Valverde de Amusco[28] with its Italian[29] and Latin editions[30], were also used. The statements and fgures in Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān were compared to those in Galen’s works, al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb, De humani corporis fabrica and Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano and the fndings were evaluated.

Figure 3. Figures originating from the West in copies of Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylaṣūfān in the İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Hüsrev Paşa Collection, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (A), İstanbul University Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 (Courtesy of İstanbul University Rare Works Library, İstanbul, Turkey) (B) and Prof. Uzluk’s personal collection (Courtesy of Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey) (C).

Results

The Mandible

We see that although Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī copied the fgure of the mandible from Andreas Vesalius and/or Juan Valverde, in explaining this fgure he repeated classical anatomical knowledge inherited from Galen[31] and Avicenna[32], by indicating that the mandible consists of two bones[33]. One of the earliest objections to Galen’s authority is seen in Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī’s (1162–1231 AD) Kitāb al-ʿIfāda wa l-ʿItibār in which he wrote that the mandible is a single bone[34]. Andreas Vesalius also objected to Galen similarly in De humani corporis fabrica libri septem[35]. Juan Valverde’s description of the mandible[36] corresponds to that of contemporary anatomical knowledge (Table 1) (Figure 4)[37]

Figure 4. Figures showing the mandible from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

The Sacrum

ʿItāqī repeated the classical knowledge[38] inherited from Galen[39] and Avicenna[40] regarding the number of vertebrae in the sacrum as three. While Vesalius gave the number of vertebrae in the sacrum as six[41], Valverde considered it as six, and sometimes fve[42]. ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī wrote that the sacrum [al-ʿajz] with the coccyx [al-ʿajb] consists generally of a single bone, instead of six in his Kitāb al-ʿIfāda wa l-ʿItibār (Table 2) (Figure 5)[43].

Figure 5. Figures showing the sacrum and coccyx from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, İstanbul University Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 (Courtesy of İstanbul University Rare Works Library, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Leonardo da Vinci was the frst anatomist who gave the correct number, fve[44]. Saunders and Malley’s comment on the illustration of the sacral bone, which consists of six vertebrae in De humani corporis fabrica, is really interesting:

“Jacobus Sylvius, Vesalius’ teacher in Paris, insisted that the Galenical texts were completely correct with regard to number, hence Vesalius, in order to some extent to accommodate Galen’s opinion, grudgingly allowed that by adding the three sacral to the three coccygeal segments of the ape, and assuming that the rest of the coccyx or caudal vertebrae were not ossifed, he could harmonize opinion. This was one of the reasons that he selected a six-piece sacrum for the illustration below[45].”

This statement corresponds to ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Baghdādī’s acceptance of six fused vertebrae [probably three for the sacrum and three for the coccyx] as a single bone, but not clear enough regarding the coccyx.

The Coccyx

ʿItāqī description of the coccyx[46] was the same as Galen’s[47] and Avicenna’s[48]. Vesalius gave the correct number[49] and Valverde afrmed this number but also wrote a variation comprising three bones (Table 3)[50]. Leonardo da Vinci declared it to be two bones[51].

The Metacarpus & the Phalanges of the Hand

ʿItāqī follows[52] Galen[53] and Avicenna[54] in his description of the number of metacarpal and fnger bones. Although Vesalius[55] and Valverde[56] made some explanations about whether the number of metacarpal bones is four or fve, they also admitted that the metacarpus has four bones, and every fnger of the hand consists of three bones. According to modern anatomical knowledge, the number of metacarpal bones is fve and the total number of fnger bones of the hand is fourteen; two in each thumb, and three in each of the other fngers (Table 4) (Figure 6)[57].

Figure 6. Figures showing the metacarpus and the phalanges of the hand from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

The Metatarsus & the Phalanges of the Foot

Regarding the number of the metatarsal bones and the bones of the toes, there is no diference between the information given by Galen[58], Avicenna[59], Vesalius[60], Valverde[61], ʿItāqī[62], and modern anatomical knowledge (Table 5) (Figure 7)[63].

Figure 7. Figures showing the metatarsus and the phalanges of the foot from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

The Optic Nerve, the Optic Chiasma, & the Oculomotor Nerve

ʿItāqī may have tried to support his explanations on the optic nerves, the optic chiasma, and the oculomotor nerves with the fgures copied from Vesalius and/or Valverde. However, these fgures actually show the cerebral fornix and lateral ventricles. The optic nerves, the optic chiasm, and the oculomotor nerves appear at the base of the brain, and Vesalius’s and Valverde’s works contain fgures depicting them. But it seems that ʿItāqī did not understand the structures correctly as seen in the fgures (Figure 8 and 9).

Figure 8. Figures showing the optic nerve and the optic chiasma from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ alAbdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Figure 9. Figures showing the oculomotor nerve from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

The Rete Mirabile

Andreas Vesalius[64] and Juan Valverde[65] declared that the rete mirabile or the reticular plexus, whose existence was accepted and mentioned by Galen[66] and Avicenna, was absent in human beings. Unfortunately, ʿItāqī’s book does not contain this important fnding, though it contains a chapter explaining the rete mirabile/shabaka dimāgh (Table 6)[67].

The Uterus

Vesalius said that though the fundus of the female uterus is bestowed with a single sinus[68], Galen assigned two sinuses to his uterus, as he often described it as his De usu partium[69]. Valverde also asserted that there are not many chambers in the uterus as some believed or found[70]. However, ʿItāqī repeats the information[71] given by Galen and Avicenna[72] (Table 7).

Discussion

This preliminary study reveals that ʿItāqī refected classical anatomical knowledge in the Islamic world of his era and Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine was the main source of his statements in the text. ʿItāqī’s book contains some fgures only from Vesalius and/or Valverde’s works, but there is no new explanation related to issues such as the mandible, the sacrum, the rete mirabile, and the uterus.

On the other hand, ʿItāqī seems to be unaware of ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī’s work disclosing the mandible and the sacrum [with coccyx] as single bones. Although he put an explanation on the anatomy of the heart [the heart has two cavities] from Ibn al-Nafīs’s (d. 1288 AD) Sharh al-Tashrīḥ al-Qānūn, ʿItāqī preferred to give the classical anatomical knowledge on the heart [the heart has three cavities][73] mentioned in the Canon of Medicine[74]. Also, considering that Ibn al-Nafīs says there is no passage that appears in the interventricular septum of the heart or there is no invisible passage as Galen thought[75] and Vesalius also gives very similar statements[76], ʿItāqī’s explanations referring to Ibn al-Nafīs seem to be not in accordance with the statements of Ibn al-Nafīs, but are compatible with those of Galen[77]. And as Adıvar noted[78], ʿItāqī’s quotation from Ibn al-Nafīs disclosed that he unfortunately did not understand Ibn al-Nafīs’ statements on the pulmonary circulation (Table 8).

Who is ʿItāqī’s source for his fgures? Andreas Vesalius or Juan Valverde?

Many of the fgures that originated from the West in ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān also appear in Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica libri septem and in Juan Valverde’s Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano. The similarities between the fgures of Vesalius and of Valverde caused Juan Valverde de Amusco to be accused of plagiarism. However, the fgures in Valverde’s Historia are reverse versions of the ones in Vesalius’s book and this is an expected result when someone copies a fgure on a plate and then prints it. When Western-originated fgures in ʿItāqī’s book are compared with those in both De humani corporis fabrica and Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano, it is seen that most of them are very similar to those of Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica, except for the cervical vertebral fgure and female fgure which correspond to Tab. V. del Lib. I and Tab. VI. del Lib. III in Valverde’s book. On the other hand, the fgure of the man displaying body muscles among the fgures of ʿItāqī appears only in the Latin edition of Valverde’s work (Figure 10). This fact made us raise this question: Which one of these works did Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī see? Or did Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī see both of them?

Figure 10. The fgure pages in Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (1555) (A), Juan Valverde’s Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano (1556) (B), and its Italian (1559) (C) and Latin (1589) (D) editions that are related to the fgures originating from the West in ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān.

All fgures, including the fgure depicting seven cervical vertebrae, the fgure showing body muscles, and the female fgure together reveal that the Western-originated fgures in ʿItāqī’s book are probably related to Valverde’s book of Latin edition in 1589. However, this assumption raises another question. The problem is that all the fgures in the manuscript Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 are in a reverse position to those in Valverde’s book in Latin edition (1589) and in this respect, most of them correspond to those in Vesalius’s book except for the three fgures mentioned above. If someone draws a fgure looking at any object, he/she should draw what he/she sees! In this case, it comes to mind that there should be a copy of Valverde’s work that answers all these questions. Our comparisons between the fgures of all editions of Vesalius’s and Valverde’s works have made it clear that the Latin edition of Valverde’s book Anatome Corporis Humani published in 1607 was the source of the Western-originated illustrations in the manuscript Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Figure 11).

Figure 11. 1589 (A) and 1607 (C) Latin editions of Juan Valverde’s work entitled Anatome Corporis Humani and Hüsrev Paşa Collection, Nr. 464 copy of ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (B).

However, while the fgures depicting the human skeleton, spine, and cervical vertebrae in the manuscript of Istanbul University, Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 are corresponding to those in Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464, the female fgure in the manuscript of Istanbul University, Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 seems to be drawn opposite to that in Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464. As such, how do we explain these pictures?

The Latin edition of Valverde’s book Anatome Corporis Humani published in 1607 probably was the source of all the Western-based illustrations, except for the female fgure in the manuscript of Istanbul University, Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662. This fgure was probably copied from any of the Spanish, Italian, or Latin (1589) editions of Valverde’s book (Figure 12).

Figure 12. 1607 (A) Latin edition of Juan Valverde’s work entitled Anatome Corporis Humani, its Spanish (C) edition (1556) entitled Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano and İstanbul University Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 copy (Courtesy of İstanbul University Rare Works Library, İstanbul, Turkey) (B) of ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān.

Spanish and/or Italian and/or Latin (1589) editions of Valverde’s book were the sources of most of the Western-originated illustrations, except the human skeleton fgure in the manuscript of Prof. Uzluk’s personal collection (Figure 13).

Figure 13. Spanish (A) edition (1556) of Juan Valverde’s work entitled Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano and Prof. Uzluk’s personal copy of ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ alAbdān (Courtesy of Department of History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey) (B).

As conclusion #1

This limited study revealed that the information given by the works of Vesalius and Valverde has not infuenced the explanations of ʿItāqī. ʿItāqī wrote his book according to the classical anatomical knowledge in the Islamic world of his era and he added Eastern- and Western-originated anatomical fgures to his book to support/strengthen his statements. If it is accepted that ʿItāqī added fgures to his work and the copy of Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 is the closest copy to the original, then his source for the Western-originated fgures in Tashrīḥ al-Abdān was Juan Valverde’s Anatome corporis humani published in 1607.

As conclusion #2

ʿItāqī wrote his book according to the classical anatomical knowledge in the Islamic world of his era. Also, his work Tasrīḥ al-Abdān originally contained no illustrations. However, later, scribes/copiers added Eastern- and Western-originated anatomical fgures to the book to support/strengthen statements at diferent times. The four copies of Tashrīḥ al-Abdān without illustrations and variations between the illustrated copies are in favor of this idea, and Prof. Uzluk’s copy of Tasrīḥ al Abdān directly supports it. It comprises many diferent illustrations in comparison to other illustrated copies.

Acknowledgement

Preparation for publication of this article is partly supported by the Turkish Neurosurgical Society

APPENDIXS

Table 1. Descriptions about the mandible.

Table 2. Information about the sacrum.

Table 3. Explanations about the coccyx.

Table 4. Defnitions about the metacarpus and the phalanges of the hand.

Table 5. Descriptions about the metatarsus and the phalanges of the foot.

Table 6. Remarks about the rete mirabile.

Table 7. Information about the uterus.

Table 8. Descriptions about how blood passes from the right ventricle to the left ventricle.

This article is based on an oral presentation at the 44th Congress of the International Society for the History of Medicine “The Great Silk Road & Medicine”, held in Tbilisi, Georgia, September 10th-14th, 2014.

References

• ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī, Riḥlat ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī fī Miṣr aw Kitāb al-Ifādat wa al-Iʿtibār fī l-Umūr al-Mushahadat wa al-Ḥawādith al-Muʿāyanat bi-Arḍ Miṣr, Al-Shaikh AA (ed), Ṭabʿat al-Thāniya [The Second Edition], Hayʿat alMiṣriyyat al-ʿAmat li-l-Kitāb 1998.
• Abdel-Halim, Rabie E., “Experimental Medicine 1000 Years Ago”, Urology Annals, III/2 (2011), pp. 55-61.
• Abdülvehhâb bin Yûsuf ibn-i Ahmed el-Mârdânî, Kitâbu’l-Müntehab fî’t-Tıb (823/1420), İnceleme-Metin-Dizin-Sadeleştirme-Tıpkıbasım. Hazırlayan: Ali Haydar Bayat, Merkezefendi Geleneksel Tıp Derneği, İstanbul 2005.
• Abū ʿAlī Ibn Sīnā, Al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb, Vol. II, al-Maṭbaʿat al-ʿĀmira, [Būlāq] 1294/[1877].
• Acıduman, Ahmet – İlgili, Önder, “Hekim Hayreddin’in “Hulâsatü’t-Tıbb” Adlı Eserinde “Tıbbi Deontoloji” ve “Nöroanatomi” ile İlgili Bölümler”, Sinir Sistemi Cerrahisi Derg, II/1 (2009), pp. 45-51.
• Adıvar, A. Adnan, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim, 6. Basım, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul 2000.
• Al-ʿItāqī, The Treatise on Anatomy of Human Body and Interpretation of Philosophers, Esin Kahya (ed), National Hijra Council, Islamabad 1410/1990.
• Avicenna (Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā), The Canon of Medicine (alQānūn fī’l-ṭibb), Adapted by Laleh Bakhtiar from Translations of Volume I by O. Cameron Gruner and Mazar H. Shah Correlated with the Arabic by Jay R. Crook with Notes by O. Cameron Gruner, Series Editor Sayyed Hossein Nasr, Great Books of the Islamic World, Inc. 1999.
• Bahşi, İlhan – Bahşi, Ayşe, “Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan”: the First Illustrated Anatomy Handwritten Textbook in Ottoman-Turkish Medicine”, Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, XLI/10 (2019), pp. 1135-1146.
• Bayat, Ali Haydar, Tıp Tarihi, 1. Baskı, Sade Matbaa, İzmir 2003.
• Galen, On the Natural Faculties, with An English Translation by Arthur John Brock, William Heinemann, London; G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York 1916.
• Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, De Usu Partium, Translated from the Greek with an Introduction and Commentary by Margaret Tallmadge May, I-II, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 1968.
• Haddad, Sami I. – Khairallah, Amin A., “A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Circulation of the Blood”, Annals of Surgery, CIV/1 (1936), pp. 1-8.
• Ḫayrü’d-dīn ibn Elḥāc Bāyezīd bin ʿÖmer Şāh, Kitābu Ḫulāṣati’ṭ-Ṭıbb, AÜTF Deontoloji AD Kütüphanesi, Nr. 15402/a, 1088/[1677-8].
• Hekim Bereket, Tuḥfe-i Mübārizī, Metin-Sözlük, Hazırlayan: Binnur Erdağı Doğuer, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2013.
• İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin (ed). Osmanlı Tıbbi Bilimler Literatürü Tarihi (History of the Literature of Medical Sciences During the Ottoman Period). 1. Cilt. Hazırlayanlar: Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Ramazan Şeşen, M. Serdar Bekar, Gülcan Gündüz, Veysel Bulut, İslam Konferansı Teşkilatı, İslam Tarih, Sanat, Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), İstanbul 2008.
• Kahya, Esin, “Şemseddin-i İtaki’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı”, Araştırma, VIII (1970), pp. 171-186.
• Kâhya, Esin, “İbn Sînâ’nın Anatomisinin Osmanlı Hekimleri Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Bilim Tarihi, 15 (1993), pp. 3-6.
• Kâhya, Esin, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, Ankara 1996.
• Kâhya, Esin, “One of the Samples of the Infuences of Avicenna on the Ottoman Medicine, Shams al-Din Itaqi”, Belleten, LXIV/239 (2000), pp. 63-68.
• Margόcsy, Dániel – Somos, Márk – Jofe, Stephen N., “Vesalius’ Fabrica: A Report On the Worldwide Census of the 1543 and 1555 Editions”, Soc Hist Med, XXX (2017), pp. 201-223.
• Meyerhof, Max, “Ibn An-Nafîs (XIIIth cent.) and His Theory of the Lesser Circulation”, Isis, XXIII/1 (1935), pp. 100-120.
• Nidhámí-i-ʿArúḍí-i-Samarqandí, The Chahár Maqála (“Four Discourses”), Translated into English by Edward G. Browne [Reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, July and October, 1899], Luzac & Co., London 1900.
• O’Malley, Charles D. – Saunders, J. B. de C. M. (eds), Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body: the Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Henry Schuman [1952].
• Russell, Gül, “The owl and the pussy cat” the process of cultural transmission in anatomical illustration. Transfer of modern Science & Technology to the Muslim World. Proceedings of the International Symposium on “Modern Sciences and the Muslim World”. Science and Technology Transfer from the West to the Muslim World From the Renaissance to the Beginning of the XXth Century (Istanbul 2-4 September 1987), İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin (ed). The Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA), İstanbul 1992.
• Sarton, George, Introduction to the History of Science, Volume II, from Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon, in Two Parts, Part II, Reprinted, Published for the Carnegie Institution of Washington by the Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore 1962.
• Saunders, J. B. deC. M - O’Malley, Charles D. (eds.), The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, With Annotations and Translations, A Discussion of the Plates and Their Background, Authorship and Infuence, and A Biographical Sketch of Vesalius by J. B. deC. M. Saunders and Charles D. O’Malley. Second Printing. Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company 1950.
• Shah, Mazhar H., The General Principles of Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Naveed Clinic, Karachi, Pakistan 1966.
• Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī. Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān, Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Hüsrev Paşa Collection, Nr. 464.
• Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān. İstanbul University, Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662.
• Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān. Ankara University, Institute of History of Medicine (B&W Photo prints).
• Shefer-Mossenshon, Miri, Ottoman Medicine: Healing and Medical Institutions, 1500- 1700. State University of New York Press, Albany 2009.
• Singer, Charles, “Galen’s Elementary Course on Bones”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine XLV/11 (1952), pp. 767-776.
• Şehsüvaroğlu, Bedi N., “Bizde Anatomi Öğretimine Dair”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası XV/1 (1952), pp. 365-412.
• Terzioğlu, Arslan, “İbn Sīnā’nın Tabābeti ve Avrupa’ya Tesirleri”, İbn Sînâ Doğumunun Bininci Yılı Armağanı. Aydın Sayılı (ed), T.C. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1984, pp. 41-66+13 fgures.
• Ullmann, Manfred, Islamic Medicine, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1978.
• Uzluk, F. Nafz, “İbni Sina Eşşeyhürreis”, Büyük Türk Filozof ve Tıb Üstadı İbni Sina: Şahsiyeti ve Eserleri Hakkında Tetkikler, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Muallim Ahmet Halit Kitap Evi, İstanbul 1937, pp:1-20.
• [Ünver], A. Süheyl, “Üç Asırlık Resimli Bir Teşrih Kitabımız “Risalei Tarihi Ebdan” Şirvanlı Şemsettin (Itakî) 1622-1648”, Tedavi Notları, IX/7 (1934), pp. 189-193.
• Vesalius, Andreas, De Hvmani corporis fabrica libri septem, Per Ioannem Oporinum. Basileae 1555.
• Valuerde, Ioan de, Historia de la composcion del cuerpo humano, Impressa por Antonio Salamanca, y Antonio Lafrerij, En Roma 1556.
• Valverde, Giouan, Anatomia del corpo humano & da luy con molte fgure di rame, et eruditi discorsi in luce mandata, In Roma Per Ant. Salamanca, et Antonio Lafrerj, 1559.
• Valverdo, Ioanne, Anatome Corporis Humani, Nunc primum a Michaele Columbo latine reddita, et additis nouis aliquot tabulis exornata, Studio et industria Ivntarvm, Venetiis 1589.
• Valverdo, Ioanne, Anatome Corporis Humani, Nunc primum a Michaele Colúbo latine reddita, et additis nouis aliquot tabulis exornata, Studio et industria Ivntarvm, Venetiis 1607.
• Williams, Peter L. - Dyson, Mary (eds.), Gray’s Anatomy, Thirty-Seventh Edition, ELBS edition frst published 1992, Reprinted, ELBS with Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1992.

Footnotes

1. Ali Haydar Bayat, Tıp Tarihi, 1. Baskı, Sade Matbaa, İzmir 2003, pp. 177, 231, 268, 272.
2. Nidhámí-i-ʿArúḍí-i-Samarqandí, The Chahár Maqála (“Four Discourses”), Translated into English by Edward G. Browne, [Reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, July and October, 1899], Luzac & Co., London 1900.
3. Nidhámí-i-ʿArúḍí-i-Samarqandí, ibid., p. 110.
4. Bayat, ibid., p. 190.
5. F. Nafz Uzluk, “İbni Sina Eşşeyhürreis”, Büyük Türk Filozof ve Tıb Üstadı İbni Sina: Şahsiyeti ve Eserleri Hakkında Tetkikler”, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Muallim Ahmet Halit Kitap Evi, İstanbul 1937, p. 2; Aslan Terzioğlu, “İbn Sīnā’nın Tabābeti ve Avrupa’ya Tesirleri”, Aydın Sayılı (ed.), İbn Sînâ Doğumunun Bininci Yılı Armağanı, T.C. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 1984, pp. 52-53; Esin Kâhya, “İbn Sînâ’nın Anatomisinin Osmanlı Hekimleri Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Bilim Tarihi, 15 (1993), pp. 3-6; Esin Kâhya, “One of the Samples of the Infuences of Avicenna on the Ottoman Medicine, Shams al-Din Itaqi”, Belleten, LXIV/239 (2000), pp. 63-68.
6. Bedi N. Şehsüvaroğlu, “Bizde Anatomi Öğretimine Dair,” İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, XV/1 (1952), pp. 365-367.
7. Ḫayrü’d-Dīn ibn Elḥāc Bāyezīd bin ʿÖmer Şāh, Kitābu Ḫulāṣati’ṭ-Ṭıbb, AÜTF Deontoloji AD Kütüphanesi, Nr. 15402/a, 1088/[1677-8], pp. 8-16; Ahmet Acıduman ve Önder İlgili, “Hekim Hayreddin’in “Hulâsatü’t-Tıbb” Adlı Eserinde “Tıbbi Deontoloji” ve “Nöroanatomi” ile ilgili Bölümler”, Sinir Sistemi Cerrahisi Derg, II/1 (2009), p. 46; Abdülvehhâb bin Yûsuf ibn-i Ahmed el-Mârdânî, Kitâbu’l-Müntehab fî’t-Tıb (823/1420), İnceleme-Metin-Dizin-SadeleştirmeTıpkıbasım. Hazırlayan: Ali Haydar Bayat, Merkezefendi Geleneksel Tıp Derneği, İstanbul 2005, pp. 52-72, 362-378; Hekim Bereket, Tuḥfe-i Mübārizī, Metin-Sözlük, Hazırlayan: Binnur Erdağı Doğuer, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara 2013, pp. 33-49.
8. A. Süheyl [Ünver], “Üç Asırlık Resimli Bir Teşrih Kitabımız “Risalei Tarihi Ebdan” Şirvanlı Şemsettin (Itakî) 1622-1648”, Tedavi Notları IX/7 (1934), pp. 189-193; Şehsuvaroğlu, ibid., 367- 368; Esin Kahya, “Şemseddin-i İtaki’nin Anatomi Kitabı”, Araştırma, VIII (1970), pp. 171-186.
9. Esin Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, Ankara 1996.
10. Esin Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, p. 1.
11. [Ünver], ibid., p. 189.
12. [Ünver], ibid., p. 190.
13. [Ünver], ibid., p. 190; Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, p. 2.
14. Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, p. 3.
15. Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, pp. 2-6; Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (ed,), Osmanlı Tıbbi Bilimler Literatürü Tarihi (History of the Literature of Medical Sciences During the Ottoman Period), 1. Cilt, Hazırlayanlar: Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Ramazan Şeşen, M. Serdar Bekar, Gülcan Gündüz, Veysel Bulut, İslam Konferansı Teşkilatı, İslam Tarih, Sanat, Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCI- CA), İstanbul 2008; pp. 304.
16. Gül Russell, “The Owl and the Pussy Cat” the Process of Cultural Transmission in Anatomical Illustration”, Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu (ed). Transfer of modern Science & Technology to the Muslim World. Proceedings of the International Symposium On “Modern Sciences and the Muslim World”. Science and Technology Transfer From the West to the Muslim World From the Renaissance to the Beginning of the XXth Century (Istanbul 2-4 September 1987). The Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA), İstanbul 1992, p. 191; Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, p. 7; Miri Shefer-Mossenshon, Ottoman Medicine: Healing and Medical Institutions, 1500-1700. State University of New York Press, Albany 2009, pp. 48-49; İlhan Bahşi and Ayşe Bahşi, “Teşrih-ül Ebdan ve Tercümânı Kıbale-i Feylesûfan”: the First Illustrated Anatomy Handwritten Textbook in Ottoman-Turkish Medicine”, Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy, XLI/10 (2019), p. 1142.
17. Russell, ibid., p. 191; Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, p. 7; Shefer-Mossenshon, ibid., p. 49; Dániel Margόcsy, Márk Somos, Stephen N. Jofe, “Vesalius’ Fabrica: A Report on the Worldwide Census of the 1543 and 1555 Editions, Soc Hist Med, XXX (2017), pp. 203; Bahşi and Bahşi, ibid., p. 1142.
18. Russell, ibid., p. 191; Shefer-Mossenshon, ibid., p. 49; Bahşi and Bahşi, ibid., p. 1142.
19. Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, p. 7.
20. Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, pp. 6-7.
21. [Ünver], ibid., p. 193; Şehsüvaroğlu, ibid., 367; Kâhya, Şemseddîn-i İtâkî’nin Resimli Anatomi Kitabı, p. 6.
22. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān, Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Hüsrev Paşa Collection, Nr. 464, f. 1v, 30r, 31r, 32r, 41r, 44r, 46v, 47r-v, 48v, 49r-v, 50r-v, 51r-v, 52v, 60r, 73v, 74r, 84v, 108r, 118r, 122v, 123r.
23. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān, İstanbul University Rare Works Library, Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662, f. 1v, 16r, 19r-v, 23r, 25v, 60v, 66r, 69r.
24. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān, Ankara University, Institute of History of Medicine (B&W Photo prints).
25. Galen, On the Natural Faculties, with An English Translation by Arthur John Brock, William Heinemann, London, Putnam’s Sons, New York 1916; Charles Singer, “Galen’s Elementary Course on Bones”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine XXXXV/11, pp. 767-776; Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, De Usu Partium, Translated from the Greek with an Introduction and Commentary by Margaret Tallmadge May, I-II, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 1968.
26. Abū ʿAlī Ibn Sīnā, Al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb, Vol. II, al-Maṭbaʿat al-ʿĀmira, [Būlāq] 1294/[1877]; Mazhar H. Shah, The General Principles of Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, Naveed Clinic, Karachi, Pakistan 1966; Avicenna (Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā), The Canon of Medicine (al-Qānūn fī’l-ṭibb), Adapted by Laleh Bakhtiar from Translations of Volume I by O. Cameron Gruner and Mazar H. Shah Correlated with the Arabic by Jay R. Crook with Notes by O. Cameron Gruner. Series Editor Sayyed Hossein Nasr. Great Books of the Islamic World, Inc. 1999.
27. Andreas Vesalius, De Hvmani corporis fabrica libri septem. Per Ioannem Oporinum, Basileae 1555; J. B. deC. M. Saunders and Charles D. O’Malley (eds.), The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, With Annotations and Translations, A Discussion of the Plates and Their Background, Authorship and Infuence, and A Biographical Sketch of Vesalius by J. B. deC. M. Saunders and Charles D. O’Malley. Second Printing. The World Publishing Company, Cleveland and New York 1950.
28. Ioan de Valuerde, Historia de la composcion del cuerpo humano, Impressa por Antonio Salamanca, y Antonio Lafrerij, En Roma 1556.
29. Giouan Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano & da luy con molte fgure di rame, et eruditi discorsi in luce mandata, In Roma Per Ant. Salamanca, et Antonio Lafrerj, 1559.
30. Ioanne Valverdo, Anatome corporis humani, Nunc primum a Michaele Columbo latine reddita, et additis nouis aliquot tabulis exornata, Studio et industria Ivntarvm, Venetiis 1589; Ioanne Valverdo, Anatome corporis humani, Nunc primum a Michaele Colúbo latine reddita, et additis nouis aliquot tabulis exornata, Studio et industria Ivntarvm, Venetiis 1607.
31. Singer, ibid., p. 771.
32. Avicenna, ibid., p. 62.
33. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 25v; Al-ʿItāqī, The Treatise on Anatomy of Human Body and Interpretation of Philosophers, Esin Kahya (ed), National Hijra Council, Islamabad 1410/1990, p. 44.
34. George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Volume II, from Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon, in Two Parts, Part II, Reprinted, Published for the Carnegie Institution of Washington by the Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore 1962, p. 599; ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī, Riḥlat ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī fī Miṣr aw Kitāb al-Ifādat wa al-Iʿtibār fī l-Umūr al-Mushahadat wa al-Ḥawādith al-Muʿāyanat bi-Arḍ Miṣr. Ṭabʿat al-Thāniya [The Second Edition]. Al-Shaikh AA (ed). Hayʿat al-Miṣriyyat al-ʿAmat li-l-Kitāb 1998, pp. 149-150; Rabie E. Abdel-Halim, “Experimental medicine 1000 years ago”, Urology Annals, III/2 (2011), p. 59.
35. Vesalius, ibid., p. 54.
36. Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano, f. 8r.
37. Peter L. Williams and Mary Dyson (eds.), Gray’s Anatomy, Thirty-Seventh Edition, ELBS Edition First Published 1992, Reprinted, ELBS with Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1992, pp. 367, 369.
38. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 29r; Al-ʿItāqī, ibid., p. 47.
39. Singer, ibid., p. 772.
40. Avicenna, ibid., p. 70.
41. Vesalius, ibid., p. 100.
42. Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano, f. 12r.
43. Sarton, ibid., p. 599; ʿAbd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī, ibid., p. 150.
44. Charles D. O’Malley and J. B. de C. M. Saunders (eds), Leonardo da Vinci on the Human Body: the Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. Henry Schuman [1952], p. 42.
45. Saunders and O’Malley (eds.), ibid., p. 66.
46. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 29v; Al-ʿItāqī, ibid., p. 48.
47. Singer, ibid., p. 773.
48. Avicenna, ibid., p. 71.
49. Vesalius, ibid., p. 100.
50. Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano, f. 12v.
51. O’Malley and Saunders (eds.), ibid., p. 42.
52. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 35r-v; Al-ʿItāqī, ibid., p. 51.
53. Singer, ibid., p. 774.
54. Avicenna, ibid., pp. 77-78.
55. Vesalius, ibid., pp. 146, 149.
56. Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano, f. 18v, 19r.
57. Williams and Dyson (eds.), ibid, pp. 418, 420.
58. Singer, ibid., p. 775.
59. Avicenna, ibid., p. 82.
60. Vesalius, ibid., pp. 180-181.
61. Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano, f. 25r.
62. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 38v, 39r; Al-ʿItāqī, ibid., p. 53.
63. Williams and Dyson (eds.), ibid, pp. 454-455.
64. Vesalius, ibid., p. 796.
65. Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano, f. 117r, 131v.
66. Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, pp. 430-431.
67. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 89v-90r; Al-ʿItāqī, ibid., p. 89.
68. Vesalius, ibid., p. 666.
69. Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, p. 625.
70. Valverde, Anatomia del corpo humano, f. 90r.
71. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 121v; Al-ʿItāqī, ibid., p. 116.
72. Ibn Sīnā, ibid., p. 556.
73. Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī, Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa Collection 464, f. 108v-109r-v; Al-ʿItāqī, ibid., p. 105.
74. Ibn Sīnā, ibid., p. 261.
75. Max Meyerhof, “Ibn An-Nafîs (XIIIth cent.) and His Theory of the Lesser Circulation”, Isis, XXIII/1 (1935), p. 117; Sami I. Haddad, Amin A. Khairallah, “A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Circulation of the Blood”, Annals of Surgery, CIV/1 (1936), p. 5; Manfred Ullmann, Islamic Medicine, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1978, pp. 68-69.
76. Galen, On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, n. 87, pp. 323-324.
77. Galen, On the Natural Faculties, p. 321.
78. A. Adnan Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim, 6. Basım. Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul 2000, pp. 129-130.

Şekil ve Tablolar

Figure 1. Comparison of the similar fgures in Manṣūr b. Muḥammad b. Aḥmad’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān min al-Tibb (A) and Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (B).

Figure 2. Some of the fgures that are claimed to have been drawn by Shams al-Dīn ʿItāqī in Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey).

Figure 3. Figures originating from the West in copies of Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylaṣūfān in the İstanbul Süleymaniye Manuscript Library, Hüsrev Paşa Collection, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (A), İstanbul University Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 (Courtesy of İstanbul University Rare Works Library, İstanbul, Turkey) (B) and Prof. Uzluk’s personal collection (Courtesy of Department of History of Medicine and Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey) (C).

Figure 4. Figures showing the mandible from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Figure 5. Figures showing the sacrum and coccyx from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, İstanbul University Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 (Courtesy of İstanbul University Rare Works Library, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Figure 6. Figures showing the metacarpus and the phalanges of the hand from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Figure 7. Figures showing the metatarsus and the phalanges of the foot from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Figure 8. Figures showing the optic nerve and the optic chiasma from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ alAbdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Figure 9. Figures showing the oculomotor nerve from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica (A), Valverde’s Anatomia del corpo humano (B) and ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān, Hüsrev Paşa, Nr. 464 (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (C).

Figure 10. The fgure pages in Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica libri septem (1555) (A), Juan Valverde’s Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano (1556) (B), and its Italian (1559) (C) and Latin (1589) (D) editions that are related to the fgures originating from the West in ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān wa Tarjamān Qibāla Faylasūfān.

Figure 11. 1589 (A) and 1607 (C) Latin editions of Juan Valverde’s work entitled Anatome Corporis Humani and Hüsrev Paşa Collection, Nr. 464 copy of ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān (Courtesy of Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı, İstanbul, Turkey) (B).

Figure 12. 1607 (A) Latin edition of Juan Valverde’s work entitled Anatome Corporis Humani, its Spanish (C) edition (1556) entitled Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano and İstanbul University Turkish Manuscripts, TY 2662 copy (Courtesy of İstanbul University Rare Works Library, İstanbul, Turkey) (B) of ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ al-Abdān.

Figure 13. Spanish (A) edition (1556) of Juan Valverde’s work entitled Historia de la composicion del cuerpo humano and Prof. Uzluk’s personal copy of ʿItāqī’s Tashrīḥ alAbdān (Courtesy of Department of History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey) (B).

Table 1. Descriptions about the mandible.

Table 2. Information about the sacrum.

Table 3. Explanations about the coccyx.

Table 4. Defnitions about the metacarpus and the phalanges of the hand.

Table 5. Descriptions about the metatarsus and the phalanges of the foot.

Table 6. Remarks about the rete mirabile.

Table 7. Information about the uterus.

Table 8. Descriptions about how blood passes from the right ventricle to the left ventricle.