Mediaeval Sgraffiato Ware from Anemurium in Cilicia

Anemurium is a coastal town in Rugged Cilicia (Cilicia Trachea[1]) near Cape Anamur, the southernmost point in Asia Minor. The site of the city is about 5 kilometers west of the modern town of Anamur, and about 125 kilometers by road west of Silifke (the ancient Seleucia on the Calycadnus).

Anemurium was built and inhabited mainly in the Roman period. Parts of the town were still inhabited during the mediaeval period, at which time it belonged to the kingdom of Little Armenia[2]. During the times of conflict in the eastern parts of Cilician Armenia[3], Anemurium enjoyed a relative peace owing to the natural protection on three sides by the Taurus Mountains and on the fourth by the sea.

Anemurium is mentioned in the chronicles of the Constable Sempad[4] who compiled a list of castles and fortifications, together with the residing seigneurs under Leo II at the time of his crowning as king of Cilician Armenia in 1198[5].

The mediaeval sherds which are listed below were found on the site of Anemurium. Parts of the still existing city wall as well as the citadel were constructed during the mediaeval period of occupation. Some of the buildings of the Roman imperial and the early Byzantine periods were also still inhabited. The mediaeval sherds were found on these areas of habitation, and mainly on the citadel, the baths II 7 A, with a few isolated pieces coming from the necropolis. Many surface finds arc washed down annually after the spring rains. The pottery fragments do not come from a stratified context so that they can be dated only approximately in relationship to the scant knowledge of the general history of the city during the Armenian reign, and by comparison to similar pieces from other sites. But hopefully future excavations will bring to light further specimens of this type of pottery in a better dated context.

To date it does not seem likely that this pottery was locally made because no clay suitable for the production of pottery has been found in the vicinity of Anamur, nor have any kilns or kiln wasters come to light in the previous years of excavations. Thus, at the moment the ware is assumed to have been imported from some outside centre of manufacture.

This sgraffiato pottery found at Anemurium was popular in all the regions of the eastern Mediterranean. Mediaeval sites of this region have yielded large quantities of this ware. The comparison of Anemurium finds to the pottery of other sites further east in Asia Minor at Tarsus, Misis - Mopsuhestia, Korykos, as well as Al Mina and Hama in Syria, show similar if not the same type of ware. By means of these comparisons one can also date these Anemurium sherds from the eleventh to thirteenth centuries[6].

The majority of the Anemurium sherds have the following characteristics: the clay is light orange or pinkish-red in colour, and it has a coarse, hard grain. The clay body is covered first with a cream or whitish slip. When the body is leather hard the various decorative motifs are incised into the clay body of the vessel with a sharp tool. The incised decoration, therefore appears dark brown to black in colour against the light colour of the slip. The colouring pigments of green (copper oxide) and yellow, yellowish - brown, brown (iron oxide), or purplish - brown (manganese) are distributed in a random fashion over the surface of the vessel. Finally, a transparent lead glaze is applied. In the following catalogue the dominant colours will be indicated. Occasionally the glaze may be stained green and the finished product then has a dominant green colour. Some sherds have a slip and glaze surface on both sides; others have merely a slight overflow of glaze on the exterior of the rim. Generally only the interior of the vessel is incised.

Unfortunately, not one complete piece of pottery has survived in the finds to date. In view of the fragmentary nature of the pottery, a reconstruction of the shapes of the vessels is not really possible. However, all the sherds appear to have been part of the usual bowl or plate common to sgraffiato ware. Figure 1 and 2 illustrate the type of rim, side, and foot which have been found.

AN 7001: Fragment of rim of plate. Citadel find. 3.5 x 2.8 cm. Green, yellow. Guillochc band bordered by double lines. Spaces within band filled by circular scribbles.

AN 7002: (Plate I, 1.) Fragment of rim of plate. Citadel find. 3.1 x 2.9 cm. Brown, yellow, green. Three parallel lines at rim border guilloche band. Circular scribbles surround guilloche band. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 3. ii.

AN 7003: Fragment of side of plate. Citadel find. 3.4 x 4.3 cm. Brown, yellow, green. Guilloche band bordered by parallel lines. Circular scribbles surround guilloche.

AN 7004: (Plate II, 1) Fragment of rim of plate. Citadel find. 2.5 x 2.5 cm. Exterior surface: pale green. Interior surface: green, brown. Guilloche band bordered at lip by parallel lines. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 3.i., and Korykos - Meriamlik fragment, figure 4.i.

AN 7005: Fragment of rim of plate. 6.8 x 3.6 cm. Yellow, brown; eroded in part. Guilloche band with border of parallel lines.

AN 7006: Fragment of rim of plate. Citadel find. Yellow, badly eroded. Square guilloche band bordered by parallel lines. Compare to Al-Mina fragment, figure 3. iii., Korykos - Meriamlik fragment, figure 4. ii., Cyprus fragment, figure 9. i.

AN 7008: Fragment of rim and side of shallow bowl. Citadel find. 6.5 x 3.7 cm. Thickness 3 cm. Exterior surface: brown, yellow; finger - like drippings of deep yellow run down the exterior from the lip. Interior surface : green, yellow, brown. Interior incised decoration: volutes bordered by parallel lines. The clay used for this piece is a finer quality than for most of the vessels found at Anamur.

AN 7009: (Plate IV, 6) Fragment of side of plate. Yellow, brown. Scrolls and guilloche band bordered by parallel lines.

AN 7010: (Plate III, 3) Fragment of rim and side of shallow bowl. Yellow, brown. Series of volutes bordered by parallel lines. The execution of this design is stiffer and tighter than the example above: AN 7009, (Plate IV, 6).

AN 7011 : Fragment of rim and side of small, deep bowl. 4.0 x 5.7 cm. Bowl has inverted crinkled lip. Exterior surface: brown. Interior surface: green, yellow, brown. Band of contiguous circles bordered by double parallel lines.

AN 7012: (Plate IV, 3) Fragment of well of bowl. Remains of short foot. 6.5 X4.5 cm. Green, yellow. Volutes contained within a rectangular form.

AN 7013: Fragment of side of plate. 4x3.1 cm. Exterior surface: pale green. Interior surface: green, yellow; coarse scroll design bordered by parallel lines.

AN 7014: Fragment of rim of bowl. Citadel find. 2.1x2.4 cm. Exterior surface: yellow. Interior surface: olive green. Both the interior and exterior surfaces have incised decoration; scroll type pattern bordered by double parallel lines.

AN 7015: Fragment of side of bowl. 8.2 x 5.7 cm. Exterior surface: whitish. Interior surface: brown and yellow. Running scroll bordered by single line.

AN 7016: Fragment of rim of plate. Citadel find. 4.1 x 1.9 cm. Crinkled lip. Exterior surface: pale green. Interior surface: dark green - brownish. Stylized rinceau bordered by double parallel lines.

Fig. 1. Profile view : rims and sides of sgraffiato ware at Anamur

Fig. 2 . Profile view : feet and wells of sgraffiato ware found at Anemurium

Fig. 3. From Al Mina. Drawings after photograph in Lane, Archaeologia 87 (1937)· Plate xxi, fig. I

Fig. 4. From Cilicia, i. Drawing after photograph in MAMA II, 1930, p. 200, pl. 207. ii. Drawing after photograph in MAMA II, 1930, p. 196, pl. 205

Fig. 5 . From Cilicia, i. Drawing after photograph in MAMA II, 1930, p. 196, pl. 205. ii. Ibid, p. 196, pl. 205. iii. Ibid, p. 200, pl. 205

Fig. 6 . From Cilicia, i. Ibid, p. 196, pl. 205. ii. Ibid. p. 196. pl. 205

Fig. 7. Wells of bowls from Al Mina. Drawings after photographs in Lane, Archaeologia 87 (1937), Plate xxii, fig. II

Fig. 8 . From Al Mina. Drawing after a photograph in Lane, Archaeologia 87 (1937), plate xxiii, I B

Fig. 9 . From Cyprus. J. du Plat Taylor, Ars Islamica 5, pt. 1, 1938. Fig. 44 and Fig. 45

Plate I. Fig. 1: AN7002, Fig. 2: AN7072, Fig. 3: AN7073, Fig. 4: AN7062, Fig. 5: AN7056, Fig. 6: AN7088, Fig. 7: AN7070, Fig. 8: AN7022, Fig. 9: AN7092, Fig. 10: AN7027, Fig. 11 : AN7028, Fig. 12: AN7069

Plate II. Fig. 1: AN7004, Fig. 2: AN7089, Fig. 3: AN7021, Fig. 4: AN7083, Fig. 5: AN7107, Fig. 6: AN7018, Fig. 7: AN7095, Fig. 8: AN7086, Fig. 9: AN7029, Fig. 10: AN7071, Fig. 11: AN7081, Fig. 12: AN7080

Plate III. Fig. 1: AN7037, Fig. 2: AN7034, Fig. 3: AN7010, Fig. 4: AN7067, Fig. 5: AN7102, Fig. 6: AN7038, Fig. 7: AN7078, Fig. 8: AN7040, Fig. 9: AN7017

Plate IV. Fig. 1: AN7049, Fig. 2: AN7053, Fig. 3: AN7012, Fig. 4: AN7050, Fig. 5: AN7051, Fig. 6: AN7009

Plate V. Fig. 1: AN7039, Fig. 2: AN7023, Fig. 3: AN7041, Fig. 4: AN7048, Fig. 5: AN7074, Fig. 6: AN7054

Plate VI . AN 7020

Plate VII . Fig. 1: AN7044, Fig. 2: AN7045

Colour plate I. AN7020. Small, deep bowl, one of the most complete pieces found at Anamur

Colour plate II . Fig. 1: AΝ7034, Fig. 2: AN7035, Fig. 3: AN7023, Fig. 4: AN7017, Fig. 5: AN7012, Fig. 6: AΝ7062, Fig. 7: AN7078

AN 7017: (Plate III, 9) Fragment of foot of bowl. Found II 7 A, 1970. Diameter of foot: 8 cm. Pale green glazed surface on the interior. Exterior surface: green, yellow; incised decoration consists of a leaf ribbon contained by parallel lines and scribble hatchings fill the spaces surrounding the leaves; leaves alternately coloured yellowish - brown and green.

AN 7018: (Plate II, 6) Fragment of rim and side of shallow bowl. Found II 7 A, 1965. 7.8x5 cm. Crinkled lip. Glaze is very hard and shiny; clay finer than most other Anamur fragments. One of the few fragments found at Anamur, with extensive ornamentation on both interior and exterior surfaces. Both surfaces: varying shades of green. Interior: leaf ribbon between parallel lines; scribblings surround the leaves. Exterior: the side is divided into bands by parallel lines; each band containing a different motif: leaf ribbon surrounded by scribbles, configurations in relief resembling an ‘x’, triangular forms alternately empty and containing a volute. Compare Al - Mina fragment leaf pattern, figure 3. iv.

AN 7019: Fragment of rim of bowl. Found II 7 A, 1965. 3.1X2.7 cm. Pale green glaze, eroded heavily. Leaf ribbon bordered by parallel lines. Compare Al - Mina fragment, leaf pattern, figure 3. iv.

AN 7020: (Plate VI) Three fragments which constitute almost half of a small deep bowl. One of the most complete pieces found at Anamur to date. Found II 7 A Staircase, 1970. A crinkled ridge on exterior, one - third down the side from the lip, divides the surface into two zones; the lower zone, pale yellow, does not contain any incised decoration; the upper zone, yellow, brown and green has incised leaf ribbon directly above ridge. There is no decoration on interior. Glaze is heavily eroded.

AN 7021 : (Plate II, 3) Fragment of side of plate. Found II 7 A, 1965. 6.5 X3.7 cm. Exterior: brown. Interior: yellow, green; brown band of leaf ribbon surrounded by scribblings.

AN 7022: (Plate I, 8) Fragment of rim of bowl. Interior and exterior: green glaze. Band of stylized cufic.

AN 7023: (Plate V, 2) Fragment of well of bowl. Found II 7 A, 6.2 X 5.2 cm. Green, yellow, brown. Represented on the well is part of the neck and chest of a bird; three bands encircle the neck; feathers on body rendered by a zigzag pattern.

AN 7024: Fragment of side of bowl. Citadel find 1965. 4.2X2 cm. Green glaze. Incised imbricates.

AN 7025: Fragment of well of small bowl. Found II 7 A, 1965. 5.5 X3.3 cm. Diameter of foot; 5.5 cm. Exterior surface: pale green. Interior: brown, yellow, green; incised decoration consists of imbricates and “peacock’s eyes”.

AN 7026: Fragment of side of bowl. Found II 7 A, 1965. Both sides: brown, glazed. Interior: incised decoration appears to be part of a bird’s body; short strokes indicate feathers; rinceau or scroll band covers part of body.

AN 7027: (Plate I, 10) Fragment of side of plate. 3.9 X 3.4 cm. Both sides glazed; pale yellow. Interior decoration indicates tail of a bird.

AN 7028: (Plate I, 11) Fragment of side of plate. Citadel find. 5.2x2.2 cm. Various shades of yellow. Part of bird’s body and tail outlined; strokes on body indicate feathers; tail has scalloped bands.

AN 7029: (Plate II, 9) Fragment of side of plate. 7X4.7 cm. Both sides: yellow, glazed. Ambiguous pattern.

AN 7030: Fragment of side of plate. Pale yellow. Pattern seems to be part of the outline of bird’s body with indications of feathers.

AN 7031: Fragment of well of bowl. 7x6 cm. Green, yellow. The well contains incised decoration of part of a bird’s leg; beside the leg is a cross-like four-petalled flower. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 7. iii.

AN 7032: Fragment of side of plate 8 X3.7 cm. Both sides glazed: yellow, brown. Interior decoration consists of remnants of a decorative band ; remnants of pinnacles surmounted by circles. An Al - Mina fragment, figure 8, has a similar motif which incorporates the figure of a human head, within a circle of radiating triangles surmounted by circles. Perhaps the Anamur fragment had a similar motif.

AN 7033: Fragment of side of plate. 8X5.8 cm. Yellow; glaze badly eroded. Incised decoration seems to represent a highly stylized facial form; two curved lines outline the from of a face; two straight vertical lines for a nose; horizontal line for eyelid; indications of neck terminated by two horizontal lines.

AN 7034: (Plate III, 2) Fragment of rim and side of plate. Citadel find. 7.4 X5.6 cm. Exterior glazed. Interior: green brown, yellow. Series of double lines divide the rim into rectangular compartments; four pointed stars arc contained within frame. Bottom of plate has floral motif surrounded by scribblings. Almost identical pieces found at Korykos and Meriamlik. Compare Korykos and Meriamlik fragment, figure 5. i, ii, in. Also Cyprus fragment, figure 9, i.

AN 7035: Fragment of rim and bottom of plate. 6.1 X6.3 cm. Exterior: brown glazed. Interior: green, yellow, brown. Rim has incised floral motif; bottom of plate contains circular form divided into triangles alternately empty and decorated. Korykos - Meriamlik example as above figure 5. i, ii, iii. Cyprus fragment, figure 9. i.

AN 7036: Fragment of side of plate. 2.4X3 cm. Yellow, green, brown. Incised decoration is a floral motif as AN 7034, AN 7035.

AN 7037: (Plate III, 1) Fragment of rim of bowl. Green, yellow, brown. Indications of rinceau - type decoration.

AN 7038: (Plate III, 6) Fragment of well of bowl. 4.5 X 2.7 cm. Yellow. Four decorated triangles form a cross at bottom of well. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 7. iii, v.

AN 7039: Fragment of well of bowl. Found II 7 A, 1966. 6.2X 2.8 cm. Brown. Straight lines radiate from one fixed point in centre of well. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 7. iv, v, vi. (Plate V, 1).

AN 7040: Fragment of well. Found II 7 A Staircase 1970. 5 X3.5 cm. Green, yellow, brown. Lines radiate from the centre of well. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 7. ii. (Plate III, 8).

AN 7041: Fragment of well of bowl. Exterior, interior surface: brown glazed. Triangles radiate from centre of well; decorated triangles contain cross - hatchings and scrolls. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 7. v, vi. (Plate V, 3)

AN 7042: Fragment of side of bowl. 7.9x3 cm. Yellow. Band of geometrically stylized cufic forms on side. Central area contains a decorated six - pointed star; three of the points visible on this fragment.

AN 7043: Fragment of well of bowl. Diameter of foot; approx. 4 cm. Part of the same vessel as AN 7042. Centre of the well contains a circle decorated with smaller circles in the middle of the star.

AN 7044: (Plate VII, 1) Fragment of the rim and side of a vessel. 8.8 cm. long. Green. This is one of the few examples of human representation on the sherds found at Anamur.

Two stylized human faces are bordered by a band filled with circular designs. Compare Al-Mina well, figure 8.

AN 7045: (Plate VII, 2) Fragment of side of vessel. 5.3 cm. long. Green. Part of the representation of a stylized human head still remains. To one side of the face is a band with triangular shapes. Compare Al-Mina well, figure 8.

AN 7046: Fragment of well of bowl. Found II 7 A, 1965. Diameter of foot 3.3 cm. Exterior surface: pale green. Interior: green, yellow, brown. A quatrefoil in the centre is traced by a series of lines. The cusps of the quatrefoil arc reinforced by two triangles. Compare Korykos - Meriamlik fragment, figure 6. ii.

AN 7047: Fragment of well of bowl. Citadel find. Diameter of foot: 6 cm. Green, yellow, brown. Two concentric lines delineate a circle in the centre of the well. Curved lines radiate out from the edge of the circle.

AN 7048: (Plate V, 4) Fragment of well of vessel. 5.5 X 3.4 cm. Green, yellow, brown. Radiating from the centre are alternating empty and decorated panels. Compare Al - Mina fragment, figure 7. v, vi.

AN 7049: (Plate IV, 1) Fragment of well of vessel. 8x6.7 cm. Interlaced bands of yellow and green are placed on a pale yellow background of diagonal hatchings.

AN 7050: (Plate IV, 4) Fragment of well of vessel. Diameter of foot: 9 cm. Yellow. Six - pointed star is formed by a double line. The triangles which form the points of the star arc filled with scrib- blings. The centre of the star contains a decorated circle.

AN 7051 : (Plate IV, 5) Fragment of well of vessel. Citadel find. Diameter of foot 8 cm. 9X5.5 cm. Yellow. The central surface is divided by a scries of triangles of double lines to form smaller triangles. Some of the small triangles are decorated. The centre has two circles within each other.

AN 7052: Fragment of well of vessel. 5X3 cm. Exterior surface: glazed. Interior: green, yellow, brown. The centre of the well is delineated by a large circle. Within large circle, near its perimeter, is a small circle within the arc of a semi - circle.

AN 7053: (Plate IV, 2) Fragment of well of bowl. 8.8X9 cm. Diameter of foot: 6.7 cm. Pale yellow. Interlacing bands divide the surface into small rectangles. Alternating rectangles contain three circular forms within one another.

AN 7054: (Plate V, 6) Fragment of well of bowl 6.2 X 3.1 cm. The exterior of the foot has a pale yellow glazed surface. The interior of the well has a pale green glazed surface.

Straight lines divide the surface into rectangular forms - some are empty; others contain a stylized figure 3.

AN 7055: Well of bowl. 6.5 X 6.4 cm. Shades of yellow. Traces of two triangular forms and a circular form remain İn the centre.

AN 7056: (Plate I, 5) Fragment of rim and side of bowl. 3X3 cm. Fine clay, hard smooth glaze. Interior: green, yellow, brown. Exterior surface: light olive green glaze. The rim has a series of concentric parallel lines. The side has rows of loops

AN 7057: Fragment of side of plate. 3X2.8 cm. Green, yellow, brown. Looped lines are contained within large oval divisions.

AN 7059: Fragment of side of bowl. 4X3.4 cm. Green, yellow, brown. Parallel horizontal lines are intersected by curved hook formations. Compare Cyprus fragment, figure 9. ii.

AN 7060: Fragment of well of bowl. Green, yellow, brown. The centre appears to have had a circle inscribed by two lines.

AN 7061: Fragment of rim of bowl. 2.5 X 2.6 cm. Fine clay, hard smooth glaze. Both interior and exterior of the surface has a greenish - yellow glaze. Both sides have incised decoration. Interior: three parallel lines around the rim; decoration below the lines is not readily identifiable - perhaps a type of zig - zag pattern. The exterior surface has three parallel lines around the lip. Under these lines is a pattern of vertical zig - zag form intersected by horizontal lines. Compare Cyprus fragment, figure 9. ii.

AN 7062: (Plate I, 4) Fragment of rim of deep bowl. Green, yellow, brown. Between two series of double parallel lines is a deeply incised looped design.

AN 7063: Fragment of side of plate. 4.6 X 3.7 cm. Green, pale yellow. Pattern not readily identifiable - three parallel lines divide the fragment into two parts; the one side towards the rim shows the beginning of two curved lines; the other part shows a curved pointed shape.

AN 7064: Fragment of well of bowl. 5.7 X 3.6 cm. Green, yellow, brown. Incised curved lines.

AN 7065: Fragment of rim. Found II 7 A, 1965. 6x4.2 cm. Interior and the exterior: glazed. Six broad lines are intersected by four broad vertical lines.

AN 7066: Fragment of well of bowl. Found II 7 A, 1965. 7.8x6 cm. Diameter of foot: 7 cm. Brown. Random curved lines intersect at various points in the decoration of this surface.

AN 7067: (Plate III, 4) Fragment of well of bowl. Diameter of foot: 7.8 cm. 9x7.7 cm. Found II 7 A Staircase 1970.

Interior: greenish - yellow glazed surface. A variety of straight and curved lines cover the surface.

AN 7068: Fragment of well of bowl. Citadel find. 5 X 3.6 cm. Deep green glaze. Painted dark green lines on interior.

AN 7069: (Plate I, 12) Fragment of side of vessel. 2.8 X 2.7 cm. Both interior and exterior: glazed. Yellowish brown. The decoration is a series of contiguous volutes.

AN 7070: (Plate I, 7) Fragment of rim and side of a broad rimmed, shallow bowl. Found: II 7 A, 1970. Exterior: yellowish brown. The interior colouring is similar. This fragment appears to be part of the same vessel as AN 7069 above. The rim has a series of three parallel lines at the lip of the vessel and four on the side. The central part is divided into rectangular sections which contain the contiguous volutes.

AN 7071 : (Plate II, 10) Fragment of rim of plate. Green, yellow, brown. Between two rows of parallel lines are circles which contain four - pointed stars. Compare Korykos - Meriamlik fragment, figure 5. ii.

AN 7072: (Plate I, 2) Fragment of side of plate. Green, yellow. Indications of floral motifs. Compare Korykos - Mariamlik fragment, figure 5. i, ii, iii.

AN 7073: Fragment of side of vessel. Found II 7 A, 1970. 2.8x3 cm. Green, yellow. Double lines divide the fragment into bands; one band contains triangular divisions, the other band contains cross - hatchings. (Plate I, 3).
AN 7074: (Plate V, 5) Fragment of side of bowl. Green yellow , brown. Incised curved formations.

AN 7076: Fragment of rim. Found II 7 A, 1965. 5.7x45 cm. Both the interior and exterior surfaces have a pale yellowish- green glaze. Ambiguous pattern.

AN 7077: Fragment of rim and side of deep bowl. 7.2 X3.5 cm. Interior: dull brownish - green glaze. Exterior: pale yellow.

AN 7078: (Plate ΙII-7) Fragment οf well of shallow bowl. Found II 7 A, 1965. Diameter of foot: 8 cm. 6.3X2.8 cm. Green, yellow, brown. The centre of the well divided by two parallel lines into a circle. Triangular divisions inscribed on both sides of the circle. Inner triangles alternately empty and filled with cross - hatchings. Compare to Korykos - Meriamlik fragment, figure, 4. ii.

AN 7079: Fragment of side of plate. Found II 7 A, 1965. 3.2X 1.9 cm. Exterior: dull green. Interior: green, brown, yellow. Incised cross - hatchings.

AN 7080: (Plate II-12) Fragment of side of plate. Found II 7 A, 1970. Green, yellow, brown. Sections of cross - hatchings divided by double parallel lines.

AN 7081: (Plate II-11) Fragment of side of plate. Found II 7 A, 1965. 4.7 X2.3 cm. Both sides glazed. Interior: green, yellow, brown. Cross - hatchings divided by parallel lines.

AN 7082 : Fragment of side of plate. Found II 7 A, 1965. 1.9 X 2.1 cm. Both sides glazed. Interior: green, yellow, brown. Cross - hatchings contained within a circular formation.

AN 7083: (Plate II-4) Fragment of side of bowl. 4.5X3 cm. Yellow. Guilloche band; spaces surrounding band filled by cross-hatchings.

AN 7087: Fragment of rim of plate. 6x3 cm. Interior: pale yellow. At the lip of the vessel is a band of a stylized kufic design.

AN 7088: (Plate 1-6) Fragment of rim of plate. Green, yellow. Series of contiguous circles, bordered by two parallel lines.

AN 7089: Fragment of rim of bowl. Yellow, green. Series of triangular forms within a band of parallel lines. (Plate II, 2).

AN 7091 : Fragment of side of plate. 3.8 X 2.2 cm. Yellow, brown. Empty spaces between the guilloche curves filled with cross - hatchings.

AN 7092: Fragment of rim of bowl. Green, yellow, brown. Below two parallel lines on the rim are the beginnings of curved configurations formed by double lines. (Plate I, 9).

AN 7093: Fragment of side of plate. Green, yellow, brown. A circular configuration placed within a four - pointed star.

AN 7095: (Plate II-7) Fragment of side. Found II 7 A. 2X1.9 cm. Yellow, green, brown. Two triangles joined at the apex -one has vertical hatchings, the other, horizontal.

AN 7097: Fragment of rim and side of bowl. Faint traces of painted decoration under the dark brownish - green glaze.

AN 7098: Fragment of rim of bowl. Green, yellow, brown. Three parallel lines located around the rim.

AN 7099: Fragment of rim of bowl. Green. Inverted crinkled lip. Exterior and interior: dark green glaze. No incised or painted decoration visible.

AN 7100: Fragment of rim of small, deep bowl. Brown, yellow. Inverted crinkled lip.

AN 7101: Fragment of rim of bowl. Yellow. Inverted, crinkled lip.

AN 7102: (Plate III, 5) Fragment of well of bowl. Green, yellow. The decoration on this sherd is almost in the champleve technique.

Elaborate band of alternating double guilloche and floral rinceau are separated by double parallel lines. This is one of the more sophisticated examples found at Anamur.

AN 7104, 7105, 7106: Fragments of a bowl. All three pieces belong to the same vessel. Deep incised decoration consisting of abstract curved lines on a yellow surface.

AN 7107: (Plate II, 5) Fragment of side of plate. Varying shades of green. Ambiguous pattern.

Excavations have been in progress since the time that this paper was written in 1972. For more up-to-date data on the site of Anemurium one should consult the excavation reports contained İn the recent volumes of Türk Arkeolojisi Dergisi.

Footnotes

1. In later Roman and Byzantine times, following a Diocletianic reform, Cilicia Trachaea was also known as Isauria.
2. See W. Tomaschek, “Zur historischen Topographie von Kleinasien im Mittelalter”, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien Phil, -hist. Klasse, CXXIV, Vienna 1891, p. 57 ff.
3. For further history of the period see : V. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, N. Y. 1964. S. Der Nersessian, The Armenians, Norwich, 1969. G. Ostrogorsky - History of the Byzantine State, Oxford, 1968.
4. In Recueil des Historiens des Croisades; Documents Armeniens Vol. 3, 1. Reprint 1967, p. 638.
5. See note 3 above.
6. Tarsus and Misis-Mopsuhestia : most of the sgraffiato ware found on these sites has not yet been published. One bowl is illustrated in L. Budde, Antike Mosaiken in Kilikien, Vol. I, Recklinghausen, 1969. The bulk of the sgraffiato ware is in the Adana Museum. It was examined by the author in 1971 and the general characteristics of the ware are similar to the Anamur examples. The sgraffiato ware from Misis-Mopsuhestia was probably locally made since the finds include wasters, and half-finished pieces. Korykos-Meriamlik : Volbach, W. F. “Anhang Byzantinische Keramik aus Kilikien”, p. 196-201 in Alonumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, II, 1930. Al Mina : A. Lane, “Mediaeval Finds at AL Mina in North Syria', in Archaeologia 87 (1937)’ Ρ· 19-78. Cyprus : J. du Plat Taylor, “Mediaeval Graves in Cyprus”, in ARS ISLAMICA 5, Pt. 1, 1938, p. 55-86. Hama : P. Riis V. Poulsen - E. Hammershaimb, Hama, Fouilles et Recherches 1931-1938, Copenhagen, 1957.

Şekil ve Tablolar

Fig. 1. Profile view : rims and sides of sgraffiato ware at Anamur

Fig. 2 . Profile view : feet and wells of sgraffiato ware found at Anemurium

Fig. 3. From Al Mina. Drawings after photograph in Lane, Archaeologia 87 (1937)· Plate xxi, fig. I

Fig. 4. From Cilicia, i. Drawing after photograph in MAMA II, 1930, p. 200, pl. 207. ii. Drawing after photograph in MAMA II, 1930, p. 196, pl. 205

Fig. 5 . From Cilicia, i. Drawing after photograph in MAMA II, 1930, p. 196, pl. 205. ii. Ibid, p. 196, pl. 205. iii. Ibid, p. 200, pl. 205

Fig. 6 . From Cilicia, i. Ibid, p. 196, pl. 205. ii. Ibid. p. 196. pl. 205

Fig. 7. Wells of bowls from Al Mina. Drawings after photographs in Lane, Archaeologia 87 (1937), Plate xxii, fig. II

Fig. 8 . From Al Mina. Drawing after a photograph in Lane, Archaeologia 87 (1937), plate xxiii, I B

Fig. 9 . From Cyprus. J. du Plat Taylor, Ars Islamica 5, pt. 1, 1938. Fig. 44 and Fig. 45

Plate I. Fig. 1: AN7002, Fig. 2: AN7072, Fig. 3: AN7073, Fig. 4: AN7062, Fig. 5: AN7056, Fig. 6: AN7088, Fig. 7: AN7070, Fig. 8: AN7022, Fig. 9: AN7092, Fig. 10: AN7027, Fig. 11 : AN7028, Fig. 12: AN7069

Plate II. Fig. 1: AN7004, Fig. 2: AN7089, Fig. 3: AN7021, Fig. 4: AN7083, Fig. 5: AN7107, Fig. 6: AN7018, Fig. 7: AN7095, Fig. 8: AN7086, Fig. 9: AN7029, Fig. 10: AN7071, Fig. 11: AN7081, Fig. 12: AN7080

Plate III. Fig. 1: AN7037, Fig. 2: AN7034, Fig. 3: AN7010, Fig. 4: AN7067, Fig. 5: AN7102, Fig. 6: AN7038, Fig. 7: AN7078, Fig. 8: AN7040, Fig. 9: AN7017

Plate IV. Fig. 1: AN7049, Fig. 2: AN7053, Fig. 3: AN7012, Fig. 4: AN7050, Fig. 5: AN7051, Fig. 6: AN7009

Plate V. Fig. 1: AN7039, Fig. 2: AN7023, Fig. 3: AN7041, Fig. 4: AN7048, Fig. 5: AN7074, Fig. 6: AN7054

Plate VI . AN 7020

Plate VII . Fig. 1: AN7044, Fig. 2: AN7045

Colour plate I. AN7020. Small, deep bowl, one of the most complete pieces found at Anamur

Colour plate II . Fig. 1: AΝ7034, Fig. 2: AN7035, Fig. 3: AN7023, Fig. 4: AN7017, Fig. 5: AN7012, Fig. 6: AΝ7062, Fig. 7: AN7078